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Materials Handled
Types & Characteristics

Types Of Bulk Density

Bulk density is the mass of bulk solid that can be fitted into a defined volume. For example, how many Kgs can be accommodated in a hopper of one cubic metre. The bulk density of a material is not a fixed value; it can vary depending on the material’s characteristics and how it is handled, processed, and stored. Factors such as compaction, moisture content, particle size distribution, and the method of loading can all impact the bulk density of a material. Understanding and measuring a bulk solids density is essential to predict the behavior of the material during handling to ensure equipment is optimise for your processing system, ensuring consistent quality of product.

Classes of bulk density are widely recognised:

Aerated: The mass of a material per unit volume after it has been aerated, typically by air or gas flow. It reflects the state of the material when it has been fluffed up or expanded by the introduction of air.

Loose: Loose bulk density is the mass of a material when it is poured freely into a container without any applied external force, allowing the particles to settle naturally under the influence of gravity.

Tapped: The mass of a bulk material per unit volume after it has been subjected to a standardised tapping or vibration process to settle the material.

Packed: Packed bulk density is the mass of a bulk solid after it has been compacted as much as possible using maximum force or pressure.

ANGLE OF REPOSE

The angle of repose is defined as the maximum angle between the horizontal plane and the sloping surface of a pile of granular material (such as sand, gravel, or cereal grains) at rest. When granular material is poured onto a flat surface, it naturally forms a conical or mound shape due to gravity. This angle is a good indicator of the degree of flowability in the matieral. As more material is added, the slope of the pile increases until a point where no additional material can be added without causing the pile to collapse or flow downhill. Free-flowing products produce a small flat-shaped peak, while cohesive materials create tall, sharp profiles with high angles of repose. However several factors affect a materials angle of repose such as the particle size and shape, moisture content and internal friction. 

Key Material Characteristics

Abrasive/Corrosive materials: Abrasive materials are those that cause wear and tear on equipment surfaces due to their hard and rough nature. Examples include sand, metal powders, and certain minerals. Corrosive materials are those that chemically react with surfaces they come into contact with, leading to deterioration or degradation over time. These materials can be highly acidic or alkaline, such as certain chemicals, acids, and salts. Trantec feeders are engineered to handle the challenges posed by abrasive and corrosive materials. Manufactured from 304 or 316 stainless which is known for its superior corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures, ensurs that Trantec feeders are robust in build, equipped to provide a reliable performance in demanding environments. 

Fine powders and fibrous materials: Fine powders are characterised by their small particle size, which can cause issues such as dusting, bridging, and poor flowability. Examples include flour, talcum powder, and powdered sugar. Fibrous materials, composed of long, thin fibers, can entangle and cause blockages. Examples include wood fibers, and synthetic fibers. Trantec screw feeders are engineered to address the challenges associated with handling fine powders and fibrous materials. Our feeders incorporate an adjustable speed 360-degree ribbon style rotating agitator within the feeders hopper. The agitator is specifically designed to ensure material remain loose and flowable.

Delicate and friable materials: Delicate and friable materials are those that can easily break down or degrade when subjected to excessive force or agitation. Examples include certain food products, pharmaceuticals, and soft powders. These materials can cause bridging and clogging, therefire require gentle when handling to maintain their integrity. Trantec screw feeders are designed to handle materials with care, ensuring smooth and consistent feeding without causing damage. When the feeder’s agitator is used in a slow, intermittent operation, this allows successful feeding of delicate and friable materials, reducing the risk of degeneration and ensuring delicate handling.

Sanitary materials: Hygienic material handling is crucial in industries such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biotechnology, where product purity and safety are paramount. Trantec hygienic feeders are constructed from materials that meet EC and FDA food contact regulations and are manufactured crevice-free with a smooth brushed easy clean surface or mirror finish (0.2Ra). As standard, our feeders include blue, metal detectable silicone gaskets, PTFE based cartridge shaft seals, and are comprised of autoclave-friendly removable parts to ensure optimal and easy cleaning of all parts to promote a contamination-free metering process. In addition, optional quick-release, easy-clean features are available across all our feeder ranges, enabling rapid dismantling and easy acess to all parts for non-problematic cleaning. 

Sticky and cohesive characteristics: Materials that are sticky and cohesive pose significant challenges in industrial processes, especially when it comes to handling and feeding them consistently. Sticky materials tend to adhere to surfaces, including the walls of hoppers and feeders, leading to buildup and blockages. Cohesive materials have strong intermolecular forces that cause them to stick together, forming lumps or clumps that can obstruct material flow. For effective feeding, Trantec’s agitators adopt proven technology from the mixing industry with left, and right-hand contra-rotating scroll blades This ensures the material is evenly and continuously stirred to prevent bridging or rat-holing. For extremely sticky and cohesive materials, vibration can be added on the outer side of the hopper for further agitation.

Free-flow materials: Free-flowing materials are powders and granules that exhibit minimal resistance to flow under gravitational forces. These materials have characteristics that make them behave almost like liquids, easily flowing through openings without the need for additional mechanical agitation. Common examples include fine sand, granulated sugar, and certain types of plastic pellets. Trantec screw feeders are supplied without the agitator for very free-flow powders and granules as the hoppers angeled design is optimal for materials that naturally flow well. The absence of an agitator also reduces mechanical complexity and prevents unnecessary disturbance to the material that could lead to product degradation.

Materials that fluctuate in density: Materials can fluctuate in density due to various factors such as moisture content, compaction, particle size distribution, and temperature. Some examples of materials that commonly exhibit fluctuations in density include powdered chemicals and food/seasoning ingredients. Understanding and managing density fluctuations is crucial in industries such as food, pharmaaceutical and chemical processing. Trantec Gracimetric feeders are optimised for materials that fluctuate in density as they operate based on a weight based principle, where the weight of the material being dispensed is continuously monitored. An advanced loading cell and controller combination accurately measures the weight of the feeder as material is discharged. During operation, if there is any deviation between the actual dispensed material rate and the setpoint rate, the gravimetric controller automatically self-calibrates, adjusting the auger screw speed. This adjustment ensures that the correct dispensing rate is maintained, regardless of fluctuations in the density of the material being fed. Trantec Gravimetric screw feeders typically achieve exstremely high accuracies of 1 to 2%

Common Materials Handled

• Absorbent Granules
• Almonds
• Aluminium Powder
• Aluminium Flake
• Aluminium Dust
• Aninmal Feed
• Black Peppercorn
• Black Pepper
• Brown Sugar
• Baby Formular
• Bath Salts
• Bicarbonate of Soda
• Beans
• Brown Rice
• Bakery Mix
• Corse Sea Salt
• Chopped Nuts
• Caster Sugar
• Cocoa Powder
• Cocoa Beans
• Chalk Powder
• Cinnamon
• Chili Powder
• Corn
• Coffee Beans
• Coffee Powdered
• Concrete & Sand Mix
• Dairy Powder
• Dehydrated Garlic
• Dehydrated Onions

• Dry Chemicals
• Egg Powder
• Epsom Salt
• Flint
• Flour
• Fly Ash
• Activated Carbon
• Granulated Sugar
• Garlic Salt
• Garlic Powder
• Gelatin Powder
• Granola
• Gravel
• Gravy Granuels
• Grain
• Grass Seeds
• hydrated Lime
• Herbs
• Icing Sugar
• Iron Oxide
• Iron Powder
• Instant Coffee
• Lima Beans
• Lime Powder
• Milk Powder
• Milk Protein
• Mineral Powder
• Mineral Salt
• Mineral Sand
• Nickle Powder

• Nickle Oxide
• Nuts
• Nutmeg
• Oats
• Oat Flour
• Onion Powder
• Oregano
• Oatmeal
• Plastic Flakes
• Plastic Granules
• Plastic Powder
• Popcorn Kernels
• Peanuts
• Paprika
• Pancake Mix
• Pet Food
• Powder Coat Paint
• Powdered Milk
• Protein Powder
• Quick Lime
• Rock Salt
• Rice
• Rice Flour
• Rubber Flakes
• Rubber Pellets
• Spices
• Starch
• Sugar
• Sodium Bicarbonate
• Sand

• Sage
• Soap Powder
• Soap Flakes
• Sulfur Flakes
• Sulfur Granules
• Seasonings
• Seeds
• Soda Ash
• Soybeans
• Table Salt
• Talc
• Thyme
• Wheat Flour
• Wheat Fibre
• Wheat Seed
• Walnuts
• Wax Flakes
• Wax Powder
• Wax Granules
• White Pepper
• Wood Chips
• Whey Protein Isolate
• Waste Pellets
• Yeast
• Zinc Powder